Good day. This is a tough question in large part because it depends on the instructor¹s understanding of your health situation and the institution¹s policy. Although it may be too late now an instructor can be persuaded to give you an incomplete and the time necessary for you to successfully complete your assignments and responsibilities. I often do that when I have students who have health problems and they all work out well in the end. As for the grade not showing up on your transcript that probably won;t happen at least at any institution I¹m aware of in the U.S. If you retake the course this summer and do better than a D some institutions will cancel out the earlier grade. It all depends on the Registrars and the institutions policy.
I¹m sorry to learn your professor wasn¹t a little bit more understanding as the problem you experienced probably could have been avoided.
I wish you well.
‹Joseph
